O complexo do mosteiro foi fundado no século IV, por Gregório, o Iluminador, numa caverna onde se situava uma fonte sagrada, enquanto que a capela principal foi construída apenas em 1215. O nome originalmente dado ao mosteiro foi Ayrivank, que significa "o Mosteiro da Caverna", atualmente é conhecido por Geghard, ou, de forma mais completa, por Geghardavank (Գեղարդավանք), que significa "o Mosteiro da Lança", nome este que provém da crença de que a lança que feriu Jesus durante a crucificação foi trazida para a Arménia pelo apóstolo São Judas Tadeu, onde foi guardada juntamente com outras relíquias, estando atualmente exposta em Echmiadzin.
Os desfiladeiros que rodeiam o mosteiro são parte dos canyons do rio Azat e estão incluídos na zona definida como Património Mundial. Algumas das igrejas localizadas no complexo estão totalmente dentro dos rochedos, outras são pouco mais do que simples cavernas, existindo ainda igrejas que são estruturas bastante elaboradas, com divisões e quartos construídos bem no interior da rocha. A combinação de todos estes elementos, juntamente com as numerosas khachkars ("Խաչքար" cruz de pedra) gravadas, tornam este local num dos locais mais visitados pelos turistas que visitam a Arménia.
Muitos dos visitantes de Geghard também passam pelo vizinho templo de Garni, uma estrutura similar ao Partenon que se situa mais a jusante seguindo o rio Azat. Visitar os dois locais numa única viagem é tão comum que são muitas vezes referidos como se de um só se tratasse, Garni-Geghard.
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História
Entrada do mosteiro de Geghard.
Segundo reza a história, o mosteiro foi fundado no século IV por Gregório, o Iluminado, numa caverna onde aflora uma nascente subterrânea considerada sagrada já antes do aparecimento cristianismo, daqui advém o nome Ayrivank (o Mosteiro da Caverna). A primeira construção do mosteiro foi totalmente destruída no século IX por árabes
De acordo com historiadores arménios dos séculos IV, VIII e IX, o mosteiro não era composto somente por edifícios religiosos, mas também por instalações de serviço e residências bem apetrechadas. O Ayrivank sofreu muito em 923 com Nasr, um vice-regente do califa árabe na Arménia, que saqueou os seus bens, incluindo manuscritos únicos, e incendiou as magníficas estruturas do mosteiro. Para aumentar os estragos registaram-se também terramotos.
Apesar de existirem inscrições datadas da década de 1160, a igreja principal foi construída em 1215, sob os auspícios dos irmãos Zakare e Ivane, generais da rainha Tamar da Geórgia, que reconquistou grande parte da Arménia aos turcos. O nártex (em arménio conhecido por gavit), em parte escavado, em parte no exterior, data de antes de 1225, e um conjunto de capelas talhadas na rocha datam do meio do século XIII, aquando da compra do mosteiro pelo príncipe Prosh Khaghbakian, vassalo dos zakarianos e fundador do principado Proshiano. Em pouco tempo os proshianos construíram as estruturas das cavernas, que vieram a trazer a Geghard a sua fama – a segunda igreja dentro das cavernas, o sepulcro familiar de Papak Proshian e a sua esposa Ruzukan, um hall para encontros e estudo (que colapsou a meio do século XX) e numerosas celas.
A câmara a que se chega caminhando para nordeste a partir do gavit tornou-se o túmulo do príncipe proshiano Khaghbakian em 1283. A câmara adjacente tem gravada na rocha as armas da família Prosh, que consiste numa águia com um cordeiro nas garras. A escadaria oeste do gavit leva a uma outra câmara funerária, esculpida em 1288 para Papak Proshian e a esposa Ruzukan. O famoso historiador arménio Mkhitar Ayrivanetsi foi um ilustre habitante das celas do mosteiro, tendo vivido nas celas existentes nas cavernas durante o século XIII.
Os príncipes proshianos fizeram construir em Geghard um sistema de irrigação durante o século XIII, época em que Geghard era conhecido como “O Mosteiro das Sete Igrejas” e “O Mosteiro dos Quarenta Altares” e estava rodeado por cavernas e khachkars. O mosteiro não era habitado, a igreja principal era utilizada para albergar os rebanhos dos nómadas Karapapakh no Inverno, até ser ocupado novamente, por alguns monges de Ejmiatsin, depois da conquista russa. Restaurado para fins turísticos, mas atualmente com uma pequena presença eclesiástica, o local é ainda um concorrido destino de peregrinação.
As relíquias que compunham o espólio do mosteiro também ajudaram a torná-lo famoso. A mais celebrada das quais é a lança que feriu Cristo na cruz, alegadamente trazida pelo apóstolo Judas Tadeu, da qual provem o atual nome do local, Geghardavank “O Mosteiro da Lança”, registado pela primeira vez em documento em 1250. Durante o século XII várias relíquias dos apóstolos André e João foram doadas ao mosteiro, outras dádivas de visitantes pios, dinheiro, terras, manuscritos entre outras, ajudaram a enriquecer o mosteiro ao longo dos séculos, tendo este rico conjunto contribuído para os cristãos arménios afluírem em grande número a Geghardavank (citação). Não sobreviveram quaisquer obras de arte em Geghard, com excepção feita à lendária lança geghard. O bastão tem acrescentada uma placa em forma de diamante, onde está gravada uma cruz grega com as extremidades em chamas. Foi feita uma caixa especial para esta preciosidade em 1687, que agora está guardada no museu do mosteiro de Echmiadzin, sendo a caixa dourada e prateada um artefacto arménio usual no século XVII.
Complexo
O mosteiro de Geghard com neve.
Atualmente, o complexo do mosteiro localiza-se no extremo de uma estrada pavimentada, e no percurso desde o parque de estacionamento até à entrada encontram-se vendedoras de pão doce, fruta seca (lavash), sujukh doce (especialidade de uvas cobertas) e lembranças, também está presente um grupo de músicos que toca durante uns segundos, que podem ser dilatados a troco de algum dinheiro.
A aproximação da entrada oeste permite avistar pequenas cavernas, capelas, construções e gravações nas arribas. Imediatamente antes da entrada está um local onde tradicionalmente os visitantes atiram seixos pedindo a realização de desejos. Após entrar no complexo, avistam-se os baluartes do século XII-XIII que protegem três lados do complexo, sendo a protecção do quarto assegurada pelos rochedos. Ao atravessar-se o complexo passa-se uma entrada secundária a este, no exterior existe um local para o sacrifício ritual de animais (matagh) e uma ponte sobre o riacho.
As estruturas residenciais e de serviços, de um e dois andares de altura, situados no perímetro do mosteiro, foram reconstruídos diversas vezes, algumas das quais de raiz, como ocorreu no século XVII e em 1968-1971. Sabe-se que a maioria dos monges viviam em celas escavadas na face da rocha, fora das muralhas principais, que foram preservadas, bem como alguns oratórios simples. Ao longo das rochas encontram-se bastantes cruzes trabalhadas, os khatchkars.
Mais de vinte espaços, de formas e dimensões variadas, foram escavados, a níveis diferentes, em grandes maciços rochosos que rodeiam as cavernas principais. Os espaços da zona oeste do complexo foram construídos para serviços de apoio, sendo os restantes pequenas capelas rectangulares com um altar e um abside semicircular. Existem grupos de duas e três capelas geminadas, com uma entrada comum, algumas das entradas estão ornamentadas gravações na rocha.
Existem bastantes khachkars esculpidos, na superfície rochosa e nas paredes das estruturas, ou eregidas em memória dos falecidos ou em comemoração de donativos ao mosteiro.
Katoghike
Apesar de existirem inscrições que remontam à década de 1160, a igreja principal foi construída em 1215, sob os auspícios de Zakare e Ivane, generais da rainha Tamar da Geórgia.
O gavit de Geghard.
A igreja principal do complexo tem uma estrutura tradicional na maioria dos detalhes. Esta igreja está construída de encontro à montanha, a qual não se encontra exposta, mesmo no interior. O plano definido pelo solo desenha uma cruz de braços de comprimento idêntico, inscrita num quadrado e coberta com uma cúpula de base quadrada. Nos cantos existem pequenas capelas de dois andares. As paredes internas têm muitas inscrições que recordam donativos.
A fachada sul da igreja de Katoghike tem um portal finamente esculpido. O tímpano está decorado com uma representação de árvores com romãs pendentes dos ramos. Existem imagens de pombas colocadas entre o arco e o exterior, as cabeças das pombas estão orientadas para o eixo do portal, acima do qual está uma representação do poder do príncipe, um leão atacando um touro.
O topo arqueado da cúpula tem esculturas em relevo detalhadas com pássaros, máscaras humanas, cabeças de animais e várias jarras.
Gavit
A oeste do templo principal encontra-se um vestiário esculpido na rocha e ligado a este, construído entre 1215 e 1225.
O gavit era utilizado para aulas e reuniões, bem como para receber peregrinos e visitantes.
Quatro grandes colunas suportam o telhado de pedra, que tem o centro perfurado para permitir a passagem de luz e iluminar este espaço. Os espaços periféricos, resultantes da colocação das colunas têm telhados diferentes, enquanto o espaço central é coroado por uma cúpula de onde descem estalactites, sendo este um bom exemplo da utilização desta técnica na Arménia.
O portal oeste difere dos outros portais construídos naquela época, e está ornamentado com decorações florais. O tímpano está decorado com várias flores grandes, com pétalas de formas variadas, ramos entrelaçados e folhas oblongas.
fonte: @edisonmariotti #edisonmariotti
colaboração Agapi Yeganyan
original
Caro Sr. Marriott, como você está? Estou enviando-lhe uma história mais interessante do mosteiro Mosteiro de Geghard, que é construído na rocha. Eles são como há séculos, para que a luz estava caindo para o brilho chão como um diamante
Aqui não é por isso que eu acho que o general Tartar narra o tesouro escondido do mosteiro, mas quando se trata de tomar um tesouro, ele desaparece, tesouros Tamerlane aqui no provérbio armênio, o que significa que os tesouros imaginários.
Isto também é chamado a Igreja do especialista, é estrutura interessante, e como outras igrejas em Armenia de on há muitos padrões que também estão na cruz.
Isto também é chamado a Igreja do especialista, é estrutura interessante, e como outras igrejas em Armenia de on há muitos padrões que também estão na cruz.
--- ingles
The
monastery complex was founded in the fourth century by Gregory the
Illuminator, a cave where was a sacred source, while the main chapel was
built only in 1215. The name originally given to the monastery was
Ayrivank, meaning "the Monastery Cave
"is now known to Geghard, or, more fully, by Geghardavank
(Գեղարդավանք), meaning" the Monastery of the Spear ", a name that comes
from the belief that the spear that wounded Jesus during the crucifixion
was brought to Armenia by Apostle Jude, which was saved together with other relics, currently being exhibited in Echmiadzin.
The canyons surrounding the monastery are part of the Azat river canyons and are included in the set as a World Heritage area. Some of the churches located in the complex are fully within the rocks, others are little more than simple caves, and there is churches that are quite elaborate structures, built with divisions and rooms deep in the rock. The combination of all these elements, along with numerous khachkars ("Խաչքար" stone cross) recorded make this place one of the most visited places by tourists visiting Armenia.
Many of Geghard visitors also pass through the neighboring temple of Garni, a structure similar to the Parthenon which is located further downstream following the Azat River. Visit the two places in one trip is so common that are often referred to as if it were one, Garni-Geghard.
---HistoryGeghard monastery entrance.
According to the story goes, the monastery was founded in the fourth century by Gregory the Illuminated, a cave where an underground spring emerges considered sacred since before Christianity appearance, here comes the Ayrivank name (the Monastery of the Cave). The first building of the monastery was completely destroyed in the ninth century by Arab
According to Armenian historians of the centuries IV, VIII and IX, the monastery was attended not only by religious buildings, but also for service facilities and well equipped residences. The Ayrivank suffered greatly in 923 with Nasr, an Arab caliph vicegerent of Armenia, who looted their property, including unique manuscripts, and burned the magnificent monastery structures. To increase the damage also showed up earthquakes.
Although there are inscriptions dating from the decade of 1160, the main church was built in 1215 under the auspices of the brothers Zakare and Ivane, Queen Tamar of Georgia generals, who regained most of Armenia to the Turks. The narthex (in Armenian known for gavit) in excavated, partly abroad, dates back to 1225, and a set of chapels carved in the rock dating from the middle of the thirteenth century, when purchasing the monastery by Prince Prosh Khaghbakian, vassal of zakarianos and founder of Proshiano principality. Soon the proshianos built the cave structures, who came to bring Geghard his fame - the second church in the caves, the family tomb of Papak Proshian and its Ruzukan wife, a hall for meetings and study (which collapsed the middle of the twentieth century) and numerous cells.
The camera that is reached walking north from gavit became the tomb of Prince proshiano Khaghbakian in 1283. The adjacent chamber has engraved in the rock the weapons of Prosh family, consisting of an eagle with a lamb in the grip. West of gavit staircase leads to another burial chamber, carved in 1288 for Papak Proshian and his wife Ruzukan. The famous Armenian historian Mkhitar Ayrivanetsi was a distinguished inhabitant of the monastery cells, having lived in the existing cells in the caves during the thirteenth century.
The proshianos princes did build in Geghard an irrigation system during the thirteenth century, a time when Geghard was known as "The Monastery of the Seven Churches" and "The Monastery of the Forty Altars" and was surrounded by caves and khachkars. The monastery was not inhabited, the main church was used to house the flocks of Karapapakh nomads in winter, to be occupied again by some monks from Ejmiatsin after the Russian conquest. Restored for tourism, but now with a small ecclesiastical presence, the place is still a sought pilgrimage destination.
The relics that made up the monastery's estate also helped make him famous. The most celebrated of which is the spear that wounded Christ on the Cross, allegedly brought by the Apostle Jude, which comes from the current location name, Geghardavank "The Monastery of the Spear", first recorded in a document in 1250. During century XII various relics of the apostles Andrew and John were donated to the monastery, other gifts of pious visitors, money, land, manuscripts among others, helped to enrich the monastery over the centuries, with this rich set contributed to Armenian Christians afluírem in large numbers the Geghardavank (quote). Did not survive any artwork in Geghard, with exception of the legendary spear Geghard. The baton has added a plate-shaped diamond, where a Greek cross with the ends in flames is recorded. A special box was made for this gem in 1687, which is now stored in Echmiadzin monastery museum, with the golden box and silver a usual Armenian artifact in the seventeenth century.
ComplexThe Geghard monastery with snow.
Currently, the monastery complex is located on the edge of a paved road, and the route from the car park to the entrance are sweet bread sellers, dried fruit (lavash), sweet sujukh (specialty coated grapes) and souvenirs, is also present a group of musicians who play for a few seconds, which can be dilated in exchange for some money.
The approach from the west entrance allows seeing small caves, chapels, buildings and recordings in the cliffs. Just before the entrance is a place where visitors traditionally throw pebbles asking wish fulfillment. After entering the complex, one can see the ramparts of the XII-XIII century to protect three sides of the complex, and the protection of the room ensured by rocks. While going through the complex is going to be a secondary entrance to this, outside there is a place for the ritual sacrifice of animals (matagh) and a bridge over the creek.
The residential and service structures, one and two stories high, located at the perimeter of the monastery, several times were rebuilt, some of which root, as in the seventeenth century and in 1968-1971. It is known that most of the monks lived in cells excavated in the rock face, off the main walls that have been preserved as well as some simple oratories. Along the rocks are quite worked crosses, the khatchkars.
More than twenty spaces, shapes and different sizes, were excavated at different levels, in large rock masses that surround the main caves. The spaces of the west side of the complex were built to support services, and the remaining small rectangular chapels with an altar and a semicircular apse. There are groups two and three twin chapels, with a shared entrance, some of the entries are ornamented recordings in rock.
There are plenty carved khachkars, on the rocky surface and the walls of the structures, or eregidas in memory of the deceased or in celebration of donations to the monastery.Katoghike
Although there are inscriptions dating back to the decade of 1160, the main church was built in 1215 under the auspices of Zakare and Ivane, Queen Tamar of Georgia generals.The gavit Geghard.
The main church of the complex has a traditional structure in most details. This church is built against the mountain, which is not exposed, even inside. The plane defined by soil draws a cross of equal length arms, enclosed in a square and covered with a square base dome. In the corners there are small chapels on two floors. The interior walls have many inscriptions recalling donations.
The south facade of Katoghike church has a finely carved portal. The eardrum is decorated with a representation of trees with pomegranates pending branches. There are images of doves placed between the arc and the outside, the heads of the doves are oriented portal axis above which is one prince of the power of representation, a lion attacking a bull.
The arched top of the dome has detailed relief sculptures with birds, human masks, animal heads and several jars.Gavit
To the west of the main temple is a carved rock in the locker room and connected to this, built between 1215 and 1225.
The gavit was used for classes and meetings and to receive pilgrims and visitors.
Four large columns support the stone roof, which has the center drilled to allow the passage of light and illuminate this space. The peripheral spaces resulting from the placement of the speakers have different roofs, while the central space is crowned by a dome where stalactites down, which is a good example of this technique in Armenia.
The west portal differs from other portals built at that time, and is ornamented with floral decorations. The eardrum is decorated with several large flowers with petals of various forms, intertwined branches and oblong leaves.
The canyons surrounding the monastery are part of the Azat river canyons and are included in the set as a World Heritage area. Some of the churches located in the complex are fully within the rocks, others are little more than simple caves, and there is churches that are quite elaborate structures, built with divisions and rooms deep in the rock. The combination of all these elements, along with numerous khachkars ("Խաչքար" stone cross) recorded make this place one of the most visited places by tourists visiting Armenia.
Many of Geghard visitors also pass through the neighboring temple of Garni, a structure similar to the Parthenon which is located further downstream following the Azat River. Visit the two places in one trip is so common that are often referred to as if it were one, Garni-Geghard.
---HistoryGeghard monastery entrance.
According to the story goes, the monastery was founded in the fourth century by Gregory the Illuminated, a cave where an underground spring emerges considered sacred since before Christianity appearance, here comes the Ayrivank name (the Monastery of the Cave). The first building of the monastery was completely destroyed in the ninth century by Arab
According to Armenian historians of the centuries IV, VIII and IX, the monastery was attended not only by religious buildings, but also for service facilities and well equipped residences. The Ayrivank suffered greatly in 923 with Nasr, an Arab caliph vicegerent of Armenia, who looted their property, including unique manuscripts, and burned the magnificent monastery structures. To increase the damage also showed up earthquakes.
Although there are inscriptions dating from the decade of 1160, the main church was built in 1215 under the auspices of the brothers Zakare and Ivane, Queen Tamar of Georgia generals, who regained most of Armenia to the Turks. The narthex (in Armenian known for gavit) in excavated, partly abroad, dates back to 1225, and a set of chapels carved in the rock dating from the middle of the thirteenth century, when purchasing the monastery by Prince Prosh Khaghbakian, vassal of zakarianos and founder of Proshiano principality. Soon the proshianos built the cave structures, who came to bring Geghard his fame - the second church in the caves, the family tomb of Papak Proshian and its Ruzukan wife, a hall for meetings and study (which collapsed the middle of the twentieth century) and numerous cells.
The camera that is reached walking north from gavit became the tomb of Prince proshiano Khaghbakian in 1283. The adjacent chamber has engraved in the rock the weapons of Prosh family, consisting of an eagle with a lamb in the grip. West of gavit staircase leads to another burial chamber, carved in 1288 for Papak Proshian and his wife Ruzukan. The famous Armenian historian Mkhitar Ayrivanetsi was a distinguished inhabitant of the monastery cells, having lived in the existing cells in the caves during the thirteenth century.
The proshianos princes did build in Geghard an irrigation system during the thirteenth century, a time when Geghard was known as "The Monastery of the Seven Churches" and "The Monastery of the Forty Altars" and was surrounded by caves and khachkars. The monastery was not inhabited, the main church was used to house the flocks of Karapapakh nomads in winter, to be occupied again by some monks from Ejmiatsin after the Russian conquest. Restored for tourism, but now with a small ecclesiastical presence, the place is still a sought pilgrimage destination.
The relics that made up the monastery's estate also helped make him famous. The most celebrated of which is the spear that wounded Christ on the Cross, allegedly brought by the Apostle Jude, which comes from the current location name, Geghardavank "The Monastery of the Spear", first recorded in a document in 1250. During century XII various relics of the apostles Andrew and John were donated to the monastery, other gifts of pious visitors, money, land, manuscripts among others, helped to enrich the monastery over the centuries, with this rich set contributed to Armenian Christians afluírem in large numbers the Geghardavank (quote). Did not survive any artwork in Geghard, with exception of the legendary spear Geghard. The baton has added a plate-shaped diamond, where a Greek cross with the ends in flames is recorded. A special box was made for this gem in 1687, which is now stored in Echmiadzin monastery museum, with the golden box and silver a usual Armenian artifact in the seventeenth century.
ComplexThe Geghard monastery with snow.
Currently, the monastery complex is located on the edge of a paved road, and the route from the car park to the entrance are sweet bread sellers, dried fruit (lavash), sweet sujukh (specialty coated grapes) and souvenirs, is also present a group of musicians who play for a few seconds, which can be dilated in exchange for some money.
The approach from the west entrance allows seeing small caves, chapels, buildings and recordings in the cliffs. Just before the entrance is a place where visitors traditionally throw pebbles asking wish fulfillment. After entering the complex, one can see the ramparts of the XII-XIII century to protect three sides of the complex, and the protection of the room ensured by rocks. While going through the complex is going to be a secondary entrance to this, outside there is a place for the ritual sacrifice of animals (matagh) and a bridge over the creek.
The residential and service structures, one and two stories high, located at the perimeter of the monastery, several times were rebuilt, some of which root, as in the seventeenth century and in 1968-1971. It is known that most of the monks lived in cells excavated in the rock face, off the main walls that have been preserved as well as some simple oratories. Along the rocks are quite worked crosses, the khatchkars.
More than twenty spaces, shapes and different sizes, were excavated at different levels, in large rock masses that surround the main caves. The spaces of the west side of the complex were built to support services, and the remaining small rectangular chapels with an altar and a semicircular apse. There are groups two and three twin chapels, with a shared entrance, some of the entries are ornamented recordings in rock.
There are plenty carved khachkars, on the rocky surface and the walls of the structures, or eregidas in memory of the deceased or in celebration of donations to the monastery.Katoghike
Although there are inscriptions dating back to the decade of 1160, the main church was built in 1215 under the auspices of Zakare and Ivane, Queen Tamar of Georgia generals.The gavit Geghard.
The main church of the complex has a traditional structure in most details. This church is built against the mountain, which is not exposed, even inside. The plane defined by soil draws a cross of equal length arms, enclosed in a square and covered with a square base dome. In the corners there are small chapels on two floors. The interior walls have many inscriptions recalling donations.
The south facade of Katoghike church has a finely carved portal. The eardrum is decorated with a representation of trees with pomegranates pending branches. There are images of doves placed between the arc and the outside, the heads of the doves are oriented portal axis above which is one prince of the power of representation, a lion attacking a bull.
The arched top of the dome has detailed relief sculptures with birds, human masks, animal heads and several jars.Gavit
To the west of the main temple is a carved rock in the locker room and connected to this, built between 1215 and 1225.
The gavit was used for classes and meetings and to receive pilgrims and visitors.
Four large columns support the stone roof, which has the center drilled to allow the passage of light and illuminate this space. The peripheral spaces resulting from the placement of the speakers have different roofs, while the central space is crowned by a dome where stalactites down, which is a good example of this technique in Armenia.
The west portal differs from other portals built at that time, and is ornamented with floral decorations. The eardrum is decorated with several large flowers with petals of various forms, intertwined branches and oblong leaves.
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