The discovery of ancient cultures, and artifacts related to those cultures, often brings for new and surprising information about how our ancient ancestors once lived. Some cultures are discovered to have engaged in very unique practices. One of those cultures is that of the Eastern European Cucuteni-Trypillian.
One of the most striking features of this culture is the manner in which they constructed sophisticated, organized, densely-populated settlements - only to burn them to the ground every 60-80 years to relocate, and rebuild the same settlement as before.
This puzzling practice brings forth many questions as to why a culture would put such effort into creating their settlements only to burn them down. Was this a practice founded on religious principles, or was it simply an exaggerated version of death followed by rebirth? Further research is needed in order to know for certain why the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture engaged in this practice.
The Cucuteni-Trypillian culture inhabited Eastern Europe from approximately 5,400 to 2,700 BC. The area they inhabited extended from the Carpathian Mountains to the Dniester and Dnieper regions, in the area that is known as Moldova today. They covered a vast area of 350,000 square kilometers and created small, densely populated settlements that were 3-4 kilometers apart.
Their culture was advanced in agriculture, as they planted and harvested wheat, barley, peas, and legumes. Archeological evidence shows that they were also skilled in pottery-making, working with clay to create pottery, statues, and other figures. They also crafted jewelry and hooks out of copper.
The Cucuteni-Tripolye had a somewhat sophisticated social organization, with densely populated settlements, which were destroyed and relocated every 60-80 years. A strongly organized society would be required for such regular resettlement of the entire community. Within the culture, the women are said to have been the head of the household. They created textiles and pottery, and did the bulk of the agricultural work. The men are said to have done the hunting, made tools, and cared for the domesticated animals. They men hunted with both traps and tools such as bow and arrow, clubs, and spears, and other techniques such as camouflaging themselves and tracking animals. The religious beliefs of the culture focused on a female deity, the Great Goddess.
The diet of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture likely consisted mainly of grains, although they were fairly sophisticated in both agriculture and animal husbandry. They grew club wheat, oats, proso millet, rye, barley, and hemp, all which would have been baked into bread. In addition to grains, they cultivated fruits and legumes such as apricots, cherry plums, grapes, peas, and beans. As far as livestock, evidence has indicated they raised domesticated cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep. There is some evidence, which has not been substantiated, to suggest that the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture also included domesticated horses. In addition to raising domesticated animals, the men also hunted roe deer, red deer, aurochs, wild boar, fox, and brown bear for consumption. They rounded out their diets by using harpoons and hooks for fishing.
The Cucuteni-Tripolye had a somewhat sophisticated social organization, with densely populated settlements, which were destroyed and relocated every 60-80 years. A strongly organized society would be required for such regular resettlement of the entire community. Within the culture, the women are said to have been the head of the household. They created textiles and pottery, and did the bulk of the agricultural work. The men are said to have done the hunting, made tools, and cared for the domesticated animals. They men hunted with both traps and tools such as bow and arrow, clubs, and spears, and other techniques such as camouflaging themselves and tracking animals. The religious beliefs of the culture focused on a female deity, the Great Goddess.
The diet of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture likely consisted mainly of grains, although they were fairly sophisticated in both agriculture and animal husbandry. They grew club wheat, oats, proso millet, rye, barley, and hemp, all which would have been baked into bread. In addition to grains, they cultivated fruits and legumes such as apricots, cherry plums, grapes, peas, and beans. As far as livestock, evidence has indicated they raised domesticated cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep. There is some evidence, which has not been substantiated, to suggest that the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture also included domesticated horses. In addition to raising domesticated animals, the men also hunted roe deer, red deer, aurochs, wild boar, fox, and brown bear for consumption. They rounded out their diets by using harpoons and hooks for fishing.
One very interesting aspect of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture is the way they treated their settlements and structures. They used stone and copper axes to cut down trees to build dwellings and structures, which consisted of wooden framing coated with clay or bran. Their structures were built both single and multi-story, with clay benches and altars. The inside floors and walls contained ornamental paintings in red and white, intended to provide protection from evil spirits. Evidence has been found of individual dwellings, temples, and public structures. These settlements were highly planned and well-constructed, so it is somewhat surprising to learn that the Cucuteni-Tripolye people would ritualistically burn down their settlements every 60-80 years, before moving on to a new area.
Archaeologists and researchers have uncovered thousands of burned structures, statues, tools, vessels, and even cremated remains of humans and animals. Researcher V. Khvoika set forth a theory that these were the “homes of the dead,” perhaps tombs of sorts. However, later theories suggest regular dwellings and structures were simply burned to make room for new structures. The most widely accepted theory today is a combination of these, indicating that over time structures were burned, with tools, vessels, and animals included as a sacrifice to the ancestral spirits. The old structures and fields were left to the deceased ancestors, and those remaining would move on to a new area. Some scholars have theorized that each structure was viewed as an almost “living” entity, with its own life cycle of death and rebirth.
Cultura e conhecimento são ingredientes essenciais para a sociedade.
A cultura e o amor devem estar juntos.
Vamos compartilhar.
--br via tradutor do google
A cultura Cucuteni-Trypillian ea queimadura misteriosa dos edifícios.
A descoberta de culturas antigas, e artefatos relacionados a essas culturas, muitas vezes traz novas e surpreendentes informações sobre como nossos antigos antepassados viveram. Algumas culturas são descobertas a ter envolvido em práticas muito únicas. Uma dessas culturas é a do Cucuteni-Trypillian da Europa Oriental.
Uma das características mais marcantes desta cultura é a maneira como eles construíram assentamentos sofisticados, organizados e densamente povoados - apenas para queimá-los no chão a cada 60-80 anos para realocar e reconstruir o mesmo assentamento que antes.
Essa prática intrigante levanta muitas dúvidas sobre por que uma cultura colocaria esse esforço em criar seus assentamentos apenas para queimá-los. Seria esta uma prática baseada em princípios religiosos, ou era simplesmente uma versão exagerada da morte seguida pelo renascimento? Pesquisas adicionais são necessárias para saber com certeza por que a cultura Cucuteni-Trypillian se envolveu nessa prática.
A cultura Cucuteni-Trypillian habitou a Europa Oriental de aproximadamente 5.400 a 2.700 aC. A área que habitaram estendeu-se das montanhas Carpathian às regiões de Dniester e de Dnieper, na área que é sabida como Moldova hoje. Eles cobriram uma vasta área de 350.000 quilômetros quadrados e criaram pequenos povoados densamente povoados que estavam a 3-4 quilômetros de distância.
Sua cultura era avançada na agricultura, pois eles plantavam e colhiam trigo, cevada, ervilhas e leguminosas. Evidências arqueológicas mostram que eles também eram hábeis na fabricação de cerâmica, trabalhando com argila para criar cerâmica, estátuas e outras figuras. Eles também crafted jóias e ganchos de cobre.
O Cucuteni-Tripolye tinha uma organização social um pouco sofisticada, com assentamentos densamente povoados, que foram destruídos e realocados a cada 60-80 anos. Seria necessária uma sociedade fortemente organizada para esse reassentamento regular de toda a comunidade. Dentro da cultura, as mulheres são ditas ter sido a cabeça da família. Eles criaram têxteis e cerâmica, e fizeram a maior parte do trabalho agrícola. Dizem que os homens fizeram a caça, fizeram ferramentas e cuidaram dos animais domesticados. Eles caçavam com armadilhas e ferramentas, como arco e flecha, clubes e lanças, e outras técnicas, como camuflar-se e rastrear animais. As crenças religiosas da cultura focada em uma divindade feminina, a Grande Deusa.
A dieta da cultura Cucuteni-Trypillian provavelmente consistia principalmente de grãos, embora fossem bastante sofisticados na agricultura e na pecuária. Cresceram trigo de clube, aveia, milho proso, centeio, cevada e cânhamo, tudo o que teria sido cozido em pão. Além de grãos, eles cultivavam frutas e legumes, como damascos, ameixas, uvas, ervilhas e feijão. No que diz respeito ao gado, a evidência indicou que eles criaram gado domesticado, porcos, cabras e ovelhas. Há algumas evidências, que não foram comprovadas, para sugerir que a cultura Cucuteni-Trypillian também incluía cavalos domesticados. Além de criar animais domesticados, os homens também caçavam cervos, veados, auroques, javalis, raposas e ursos pardos para consumo. Eles completaram suas dietas usando arpões e ganchos para pescar.
Um aspecto muito interessante da cultura Cucuteni-Trypillian é a maneira como eles trataram seus assentamentos e estruturas. Eles usaram machados de pedra e cobre para cortar árvores para construir moradias e estruturas, que consistia em molduras de madeira revestidas com barro ou farelo. Suas estruturas foram construídas tanto simples como de vários andares, com bancos de argila e altares. Os pisos e paredes interiores continham pinturas ornamentais em vermelho e branco, destinadas a proteger os maus espíritos. Foram encontradas evidências de habitações individuais, templos e estruturas públicas. Estes assentamentos foram altamente planejados e bem construídos, por isso é um pouco surpreendente saber que as pessoas Cucuteni-Tripolye iria ritualisticamente queimar seus assentamentos a cada 60-80 anos, antes de passar para uma nova área.
Arqueólogos e pesquisadores descobriram milhares de estruturas queimadas, estátuas, ferramentas, vasos e até restos cremados de seres humanos e animais. O pesquisador V. Khvoika estabeleceu uma teoria de que essas eram as "casas dos mortos", talvez tipos de túmulos. No entanto, teorias posteriores sugerem habitações regulares e estruturas foram simplesmente queimadas para abrir espaço para novas estruturas. A teoria mais aceita hoje é uma combinação destes, indicando que ao longo do tempo as estruturas foram queimadas, com ferramentas, vasos e animais incluídos como um sacrifício aos espíritos ancestrais. As velhas estruturas e campos foram deixados para os ancestrais falecidos, e os restantes se deslocam para uma nova área. Alguns estudiosos teorizaram que cada estrutura era vista como uma entidade quase "viva", com seu próprio ciclo de vida de morte e renascimento.
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